Background: Research must respect ethical norms and informed consent, with appropriate cultural adaptation and verification of its understanding in indigenous communities of the Andean and Amazonian regions, including social and medical research. Objective: Determine to what extent IC is understood in an Aymara community in Peru, specifically as concerns a school nutrition project. Methodology: A prospective, quasi-experimental field study of an educational intervention was conducted in Puno during 2015. The objectives and procedures of the school nutrition project in question were (...) explained to the local Aymara leaders, and a questionnaire was prepared on knowledge and practices regarding healthy lunch boxes for Aymara children. An educational nutrition program and two IC formats were drawn up. The documentation was evaluated by a research ethics committee. Results: Seventy Aymara villagers participated in the research project. The extent to which they understood the IC was modified to a statistically significant degree subsequent to the educational intervention and adaption for cultural appropriateness. (shrink)

El Foro Global de Bioética en Investigación (GFBR por sus siglas en inglés) se reunió el 3 y 4 de noviembre en Buenos Aires, Argentina, con el objetivo de discutir la ética de la investigación con mujeres embarazadas. El GFBR es una plataforma mundial que congrega a actores clave con el objetivo de promover la investigación realizada de manera ética, fortalecer la ética de la investigación en salud, particularmente en países de ingresos bajos y medios, y promover colaboración entre países (...) del norte y del sur.a Los participantes en el GFBR provenientes de Latinoamérica incluyeron a eticistas, investigadores, miembros de comités de ética y representantes de autoridades sanitarias provenientes de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panamá, Perú, Nicaragua y la República Dominicana. Una legítima preocupación por la protección de las mujeres embarazadas y sus embriones o fetos ha llevado a la mayoría de los países de la Región de las Américas a limitar la realización de estudios con mujeres embarazadas exclusivamente a aquellos estudios específicos sobre el embarazo, y a requerir la exclusión sistemática de las mujeres embarazadas o de las mujeres que quedan embarazadas en el curso del estudio. Ciertamente, a lo largo de la historia de la ética de la investigación, se ha creído erróneamente que proteger a una población es sinónimo de excluirla de los estudios. Se sabe ahora que proceder así implica exponer a riesgos mucho mayores a la población que se busca proteger. El embarazo implica cambios fisiológicos sustantivos e impacta profundamente la manera como el cuerpo metaboliza los medicamentos. Sin embargo, por evitar hacer investigación con mujeres embarazadas, no se ha producido la evidencia científica necesaria para tomar decisiones sobre tratamientos e intervenciones preventivas con dosis eficaces y seguras para ellas y sus embriones o fetos. A manera de ilustración, en el 2001 había en los Estados Unidos apenas más de una docena de medicamentos aprobados para uso en el embarazo (1) y en el 2011 la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aprobó por primera vez en 15 años un medicamento para su uso en el embarazo (2). Como consecuencia de no haber producido la evidencia necesaria, se pone en riesgo la salud de las mujeres embarazadas cada vez que se les da atención médica. Las mujeres embarazadas se enferman y las mujeres enfermas se embarazan, y no se sabe si los medicamentos que se les da son eficaces o siquiera seguros para ellas y sus embriones o fetos. (shrink)

Tuberculosis en América Latina y el Caribe: reflexiones desde la bioética Tuberculose na América Latina e no Caribe: reflexões da bioética The objective of this article is to analyze the conditions of access to health services by people with tuberculosis in Latin America and the Caribbean, reflecting on the public health aspects involved from a bioethical perspective. A literature review of the context of tuberculosis in LAC based on epidemiological data was performed. The results were analyzed from its relationship with (...) the social determinants of health and the ethical principles that guide medical practice. Tuberculosis is a pressing public health problem in the region because of its family, social, economic and health impact. It mainly affects vulnerable individuals and populations. Health services violate ethical principles. Tuberculosis is a serious ethics and public health problem in the region that causes death, disability and increased poverty. It is imperative to ensure the right to health services and to understand the individual and public health consequences of non-adherence to treatment. It is important that national tuberculosis control strategies include principles of dignity and non-discrimination of the sick, changes in the social determinants of the disease, and respect for the ethnicity, language culture and identity of patients. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Muñoz del Carpio-Toia A, Sánchez-Pérez HJ, Verges de López C, López-Dávila LM, Sotomayor-Saavedra MA, Sorokin P. Tuberculosis en América Latina y el Caribe: reflexiones desde la bioética. pers. bioét. 2018; 22: 331-357. DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2018.22.2.10. (shrink)

BackgroundResearch has demonstrated that exposure to suicide can lead to increased vulnerability for self-harm or suicide. As a result, ideation-to-action models of suicide recognise exposure as a significant risk factor which may be implicated in the translation of thoughts into actions. However, few studies have tested this theoretical link explicitly within an adolescent population, and examined how it compares to other types of bereavements.MethodsA 6-month prospective questionnaire study was conducted with 185 Scottish adolescents aged 11–17. The questionnaire included measures on (...) experiences with bereavement and lifetime engagement in self-harm, as well as measures of defeat, entrapment, social support, coping, and other psychological variables.ResultsAt baseline, 11% of young people reported exposure to a suicide death, and 62% to a non-suicide death. In addition, 21% of pupils reported ever engaging in self-harm, while 24% had experienced self-harm ideation without engaging in it. Cross-sectional multivariate logistic regressions showed that maladaptive coping, family social support, glorifying/normalising beliefs about suicide, and family self-harm were significantly associated with self-harm group membership. At follow-up, 9% of pupils reported exposure to a suicide death and 11% to a non-suicide death for the first time. A total of 29% of the sample reported self-harm at T2, and 23% reported self-harm ideation without engaging in it. Multivariate analyses found that stigmatising beliefs about suicide, glorifying/normalising beliefs about suicide, and self-harm ideation at baseline were the only variables to predict self-harm group membership prospectively. Bereavement experiences, whether by suicide or non-suicide, did not predict self-harm group status at baseline nor at follow-up.ConclusionsThis study provides support for the validity of a theoretical model of suicide, even though predictive ability over the 6-months period was limited. Although difficulties with recruitment may have limited the statistical power, this study provides insight into the prevalence and experiences of suicide bereavement among adolescents and the factors related to the onset and maintenance of self-harm. (shrink)

The Purpose in Life Test is a measure of purpose in life widely used in many cultures and countries; however, cross-cultural assessments are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the PIL in the general population of seven Latin American countries. A total of 4306 people participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, where Uruguay has the highest mean age ; while Ecuador has the lowest mean age. Furthermore, in each country, there is a higher proportion (...) of women than men. Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the factorial structure does not show evidence of invariance among the included countries. However, based on the Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, there is evidence that a three-dimensional structure of the PIL is the same in the participating countries. Results based on item response theory indicate that most PIL items can significantly differentiate responses according to the level of life purpose. In addition, people with low life purpose will tend to choose the lower response alternatives on the PIL; while people with higher life purpose will choose higher response alternatives. The findings indicate that the PIL has the potential to increase knowledge about how people conceive and experience their purpose in life in different countries. (shrink)

El objeto de este trabajo es estudiar el tratamiento que el diccionario onomasiológico da a las unidades fraseológicas, centrándonos especialmente en los diccionarios generales ideológicos del español. El fin último es comprobar si la concepción lexicográfica de esta práctica, basada en la integración total y global del léxico, ofrece realmente ventajas de almacenamiento y de recuperación del léxico holística y útil para la codificación y la descodificación lingüística. Metodológicamente, solo nos ocuparemos de cuestiones de microestructura: lematización, valor semántico de la (...) etiqueta hiperonímica y tipología morfológica de las UFS. (shrink)

Este proyecto de innovación tiene como objetivo subsanar las dificultades del alumnado del Grado en Historia y Ciencias de la Música para utilizar las herramientas de análisis musical. Está orientada a las competencias curriculares de la asignatura Música y pensamiento en el siglo de las luces (s. XVIII), que requiere un trabajo analítico del repertorio de música tonal Centroeuropea en conexión con las corrientes estilísticas y de pensamiento de la época. Se han desarrollado una serie de estrategias didácticas que conectan (...) la experiencia emocional del discente con la significación de los tópicos musicales según el principio de la topic theory. (shrink)

El artículo sostiene que repensar un nuevo desarrollo es el reto en estos tiempos de encrucijadas, lo cual obliga a una relectura crítica de las teorías que permitirá aprender a desaprender. Señala que las nuevas realidades latinoamericanas se manifiestan como consecuencia de tres procesos-eje: La globalización y los efectos de los procesos de integración económica; las dificultades para la organización democrática de la vida colectiva de la sociedad, y las desigualdades sociales. Critica el hecho de que hoy se glorifica al (...) capitalismo liberal como el único modelo económico posible y deseable, el único que garantizaría la continuidad de la democracia, y postula que la nueva realidad entre la innovación social y el retorno al territorio requiere la modificación de las mentalidades individuales y colectivas e implica una vasta labor de formación de los agentes locales y de la población local. Tras exponer algunas experiencias en América Latina, concluye que sólo desde una nueva cultura del desarrollo con el compromiso de construir la gran obra de un mundo con armonía entre la vida urbana y los espacios rurales, entre el Sur y el Norte, es posible dar sentido a las políticas y las acciones. (shrink)

Se escribe que el tiempo y el espacio han perdido su significado tradicional. Por eso Manuel Castells habla de nueva Era y Alain Touraine de ruptura. El Norte está cada vez más disperso y fragmentado y el Sur también. Podría decirse que ahora hay muchos Nortesy muchos Sures. Por eso hay visiones tan distin­tas del intenso e imprevisible proceso iniciado hace apenas tres décadas. Nadie sabe hacia dónde nos va a conducir el proceso de cambio en esta nueva Era de (...) la información y la comunicaci.. (shrink)

La técnica de reproducción asistida trae consigo un número de embriones sobrantes. Se propone una revisión del estado de la cuestión de estos embriones en el Perú. Se revisa desde las perspectivas biológica, ética y jurídica. Se profundiza en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano, sobre el estado de desprotección de estos embriones y se contrasta con una posible solución: la adopción embrionaria. Se constata el estado de incertidumbre de la situación de estos embriones y se concluye como ilegítima la práctica de (...) la adopción embrionaria, por vulnerar la dignidad y condición de sujeto de derecho del embrión sobrante. (shrink)

Esta investigación presenta un análisis cualitativo de los casos emblemáticos de censura y vulneración a la libertad expresión de los periodistas en China. En esta nación el periodismo ha sido reprimido y censurado bajo la justificación del irrespeto a la política basada en el pensamiento Xi Jinping, que promueve a través de la ley: combatir la corrupción política y los sobornos. El fin instaurar una política autoritaria. Se aplica la metodología cualitativa para identificar los temas y categorías emergentes y monitorear (...) las restricciones legales y extralegales a través de las violaciones de las libertades cívicas que identifica Freedom House. (shrink)

Esta comunicación examina cómo la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha impactado en la ya existente brecha de género en la trayectoria académica de las investigadoras y docentes de nuestras universidades. Para examinar dicho impacto, se realiza una revisión de varias investigaciones realizadas en España y en Portugal durante el periodo de confinamiento derivado de la pandemia. Los resultados recabados indican que durante el confinamiento creció la producción científica de los varones, y disminuyó la de las mujeres, entre otras diferencias relacionadas (...) con el trabajo académico en general (docencia, gestión, investigación). Una de las principales causas apunta a la brecha de cuidados existente. Esta situación requiere la necesidad de ampliar las medidas para evitar la desigualdad de género en la academia. (shrink)

Kurt Godel was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his work on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computation theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. Less well-known is his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein's (...) equations, permitting "time-travel" into the past. This second volume of a comprehensive edition of Godel's works collects together all his publications from 1938 to 1974. Together with Volume I (Publications 1929-1936), it makes available for the first time in a single source all of his previously published work. Continuing the format established in the earlier volume, the present text includes introductory notes that provide extensive explanatory and historical commentary on each of the papers, a facing English translation of the one German original, and a complete bibliography. Succeeding volumes are to contain unpublished manuscripts, lectures, correspondence, and extracts from the notebooks. Collected Works is designed to be accessible and useful to as wide an audience as possible without sacrificing scientific or historical accuracy. The only complete edition available in English, it will be an essential part of the working library of professionals and students in logic, mathematics, philosophy, history of science, and computer science. These volumes will also interest scientists and all others who wish to be acquainted with one of the great minds of the twentieth century. (shrink)

In this work, we focus on the problem of selecting low-level heuristics in a hyperheuristic approach with offline learning, for the solution of instances of different problem domains. The objective is to improve the performance of the offline hyperheuristic approach, identifying equivalence classes in a set of instances of different problems and selecting the best performing heuristics in each of them. A methodology is proposed as the first step of a set of instances of all problems, and the generic characteristics (...) of each instance and the performance of the heuristics in each one of them are considered to define the vectors of characteristics and make a grouping of classes. Metalearning with statistical tests is used to select the heuristics for each class. Finally, we used the Naive Bayes to test the set instances with k-fold cross-validation, and we compared all results statistically with the best-known values. In this research, the methodology was tested by applying it to the problems of capacitated vehicle routing and graph coloring. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology can improve the performance of the offline hyperheuristic approach, correctly identifying the classes of instances and applying the appropriate heuristics in each case. This is based on the statistical comparison of the results obtained with those of the state of the art of each instance. (shrink)

The paper focuses on the deep relationships between the book and the modalities of production and diffusion of philosophic ideas from Plato to Galen. In order to explain such complex phaenomena, the evidences coming from literary sources will be compared to the results of philological and palaeographical examination of Greek papyri from Egypt bearing philosophical texts. These papyri have been found in different places and contexts and can be dated to different periods, from early Hellenistic to Imperial age: but all (...) of them can be connected to intellectual practices, scholarly habits and reading manners lasting for centuries. (shrink)

La preparación preuniversitaria en el Perú es esencial para poder adquirir los conocimientos que no se desarrollaron, se descuidaron o que el alumno olvidó en la formación escolar. Frente a ese panorama, la academia Aduni emerge como una solución para que el interesado pueda alcanzar una vacante de ingreso directo a la universidad; en especial, a aquellas que requieren una dedicación más exigente, como es el caso de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Considerando esa premisa, se le ha (...) realizado una entrevista al educador preuniversitario Wilfredo Zambrano, quien se encarga hace muchos años de las materias de Lenguaje y Literatura en la misma institución. Para ello, el profesor mencionará qué estrategias emplea para transmitir sus saberes con eficacia, además de incentivar la lectura y la interpretación de los textos, los cuales son fundamentales para todas las carreras profesionales. De esta manera, este texto dejará como evidencia cuáles son los retos que tienen los estudiantes y los docentes que asumen este rol comprometedor en esa etapa académica. (shrink)

El propósito de este estudio es redireccionar y actualizar la interpretación del discurso que se deriva de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación (CVR) en torno al atentado originado en la residencia del embajador de Japón durante el Gobierno de Fujimori y la intervención respectiva con la operación Chavín de Huántar. Para ello, se utilizarán distintas estrategias de análisis del discurso histórico y archivístico del Informe final (2003) de la CVR y la inclusión de la categoría antropológica de (...) memoria de Elizabeth Jelin, que será trascendental para constatar el almacenamiento y la influencia de este hecho en los ciudadanos. Un resultado relevante de ese contexto es la insatisfacción ciudadana hacia el Estado, puesto que para aminorar ese atentado los militares y el Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional (SIN), autorizados por el Gobierno, transgredieron los derechos humanos, así como la prensa no se desempeñó con ética —reacción que no es ajena a la actualidad—. Con todo ello, se concluirá que no existen maneras coetáneas de establecer convenios con los opositores al Gobierno. A la vez, no se busca la concientización. Más bien, se recurren a mecanismos violentos. Ese problema debería solucionarse, más que preocuparse por una reconstrucción escrita e idónea de la historia. (shrink)

The article reviews some analyses of temporal language in logical approaches to natural language semantics. It considers some asymmetries between past and future, manifested in language, which motivate the “standard view” of the non-reversibility of time and the persistence of the past. It concludes with a puzzle about the changing past which challenges the standard view.

New technologies and recent palaeographical studies on the reconstruction of the ancient scrolls from Herculaneum encouraged new hypotheses on the outline of the ancient library in the «Villa dei Papiri». After a brief overview of the problems involved in the reconstruction of the volumina, this contribution focuses on the work of two scribes -the so-called Anonimo XXI and XXV - who copied many scrolls and collaborated with each other at least in two cases. A passage from Aristophanes’ Clouds, probably from (...) Philodemus’ treatise De vitiis, has been read for the first time. The final part of the article examines shape and structure of the titles of this important treatise. (shrink)

Batteries are a fundamental storage component due to its various applications in mobility, renewable energies and consumer electronics among others. Regardless of the battery typology, one key variable from a user’s perspective is the remaining energy in the battery. It is usually presented as the percentage of remaining energy compared to the total energy that can be stored and is labeled State Of Charge (SOC). This work addresses the development of a hybrid model based on a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) (...) power cell, due to its broad implementation. The proposed model calculates the SOC, by means of voltage and electric current as inputs and the latter as the output. Therefore, four models based on k-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, Gaussian Mixture and Spectral Clustering techniques have been tested in order to obtain an optimal solution. (shrink)

The search for mechanisms has been a common practice in scientific research. However, since the empiricist critique of causality, and especially during the second third of the twentieth century, other non-mechanistic perspectives—especially deductivism—gained predominance. But the sustained effort of authors such as Michael Scriven, Mario Bunge and especially Wesley Salmon contributed to restoring the respectability of causality and mechanisms in philosophy of science. Some members of the causal family, usually lumped under the name of “new mechanistic philosophy”, emphasize the description (...) of mechanisms, especially causal ones, as a central aspect of explanation and other research practices in several areas of science. This approach offers viable solutions to the various ontological and methodological objections that are opposed to the two traditional approaches. In this work the basic characteristics of three philosophies that highlight the description of mechanisms as a central element to explanation and their suitability for the science of ecology are discussed. (shrink)

The concepts expressed by social role terms such as artist and scientist are unique in that they seem to allow two independent criteria for categorization, one of which is inherently normative. This study presents and tests an account of the content and structure of the normative dimension of these “dual character concepts.” Experiment 1 suggests that the normative dimension of a social role concept represents the commitment to fulfill the idealized basic function associated with the role. Background information can affect (...) which basic function is associated with each social role. However, Experiment 2 indicates that the normative dimension always represents the relevant commitment as an end in itself. We argue that social role concepts represent the commitments to basic functions because that information is crucial to predict the future social roles and role-dependent behavior of others. (shrink)

Este artículo examina La ciudad y los perros (1963) de Mario Vargas Llosa para fundamentar cómo se logra la estratificación teórica de estilos y técnicas que se emplean para abordar la violencia en el texto. Sobre la epistemología, recurre principalmente a Todorov, Hamburger, Lotman y Genette. Y, para argumentar la manifestación de la violencia, considera las eventualidades que padecen los personajes del Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado; en especial, el Jaguar, el Poeta y el Esclavo. Esas acciones serán justificadas por la (...) instrucción castrense, la evolución humana, la necesidad de una conducta hegemónica idónea y la búsqueda del efecto perlocutivo en el lector. Para sistematizar esas peculiaridades, se opta por una metodología adscrita al cotejo de información teórica para que sea confrontada con el discurso literario. El análisis que se desarrolla es complementado con fragmentos representativos para que las formulaciones sean más directas y convincentes. Como resultado, se confirma esa correspondencia entre las teorías heterogéneas, la novela y la interpretación, por lo que el concepto de violencia adoptaría una multidimensionalidad que evidencia su existencia y su requerimiento esencial en los personajes. Con ello, se sustenta como conclusión que la violencia en ese contexto debería ser permanente e imprescindible para subsistir. (shrink)

Discussions in social psychology overlook an important way in which biases can be encoded in conceptual representations. Most accounts of implicit bias focus on ‘mere associations’ between features and representations of social groups. While some have argued that some implicit biases must have a richer conceptual structure, they have said little about what this richer structure might be. To address this lacuna, we build on research in philosophy and cognitive science demonstrating that concepts represent dependency relations between features. These relations, (...) in turn, determine the centrality of a feature f for a concept C: roughly, the more features of C depend on f, the more central f is for C. In this paper, we argue that the dependency networks that link features can encode significant biases. To support this claim, we present a series of studies that show how a particular brilliance-gender bias is encoded in the dependency networks which are part of the concepts of female and male academics. We also argue that biases which are encoded in dependency networks have unique implications for social cognition. (shrink)

Ian Rumfitt (2000) developed a bilateralist account of logic in which the meaning of the connectives is given by conditions on asserted and rejected sentences. An additional set of inference rules, the coordination principles, determines the interaction of assertion and rejection. Fernando Ferreira (2008) found this account defective, as Rumfitt must state the coordination principles for arbitrary complex sentences. Rumfitt (2008) has a reply, but we argue that the problem runs deeper than he acknowledges and is in fact related to (...) the challenge of establishing proof-theoretic harmony. We motivate a distinctively bilateral criterion for harmony and show how the bilateralist can meet it. This also resolves Ferreira's complaint. (shrink)

Desde un análisis del Curso de teoría del conocimiento en este trabajo se afronta la peculiaridad del tiempo humano, especialmente del tiempo de la esencia humana, y se glosa la importancia de la virtud.